What indicates that a patient has oropharyngeal candidiasis?

Oropharyngeal candidiasis, also known as oral thrush, is typically characterized by the presence of removable white plaques in the oral cavity. These plaques are made up of fungal cells, debris, and inflammatory tissue and can be found on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and throat. The ability to remove these plaques, which often exposes a reddened and sometimes bleeding underlying mucosa, is a distinguishing feature of this condition.

This clinical presentation is significant because it helps differentiate oropharyngeal candidiasis from other oral lesions, which may have different characteristics. For example, small vesicles are more associated with viral infections like herpes simplex virus, and white, fissured patches are not specific to candidiasis and can be seen in other conditions. Flat-topped papules may suggest differential diagnoses such as lichen planus or other dermatologic conditions rather than candidiasis. This understanding is crucial in making an accurate diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment for the patient.